We evaluate changes in the daily doses of surface ultraviolet radiation (UV) necessary for vitamin D production (UVpD) during the 21st century caused by the evolution of the Earth’s climate and the atmospheric ozone layer. Experiments with the Earth system model SOCOLv4 (version 4 of the Solar-Climate Ozone Links Chemistry-Climate Model) and an atmospheric radiative transfer model indicated a significant (20–80%) decrease in UVpD doses at the Earth’s surface between 2015–2024 and 2090–2099 in middle latitudes in both hemispheres and an increase of 30–40% in some areas of lower latitudes. These changes are driven by strong greenhouse gas growth and ozone-depleting substance reductions. The experiments also provided estimates of the relative contributions of the total ozone column (TOC), cloud parameters, and surface albedo changes to the corresponding variations in UVpD daily doses. Outside the tropics, the primary factor contributing to the decrease in UVpD doses (50% to 80%) is the increase in TOC. Changes in cloud parameters account for 20% to 30% of the decrease, while the decline in surface albedo contributes less than 20%. However, in the polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere, this contribution can reach up to 50%. In the lower latitudes, diminishing TOC and liquid water column of cloud (LWCC) provide the main contributions to the increase in UVpD doses.