We present detailed structural studies which reveal for the first time the existence of an angular unconformity at the base of the Middle Frasnian deposits across the western part of Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian High Arctic). Pre-Mesozoic convergent structures are characterized by sublatitudinal folds and south-verging thrusts. Based on the age of the rock units above and below the unconformity, the age of the deformation event can be described as post-Givetian but pre-mid-Frasnian. Based on the vergence direction of thrusts deforming pre-Frasnian deposits on Kotel’ny Island, shortening occurred from north to south (in the present day coordinates). The small scale of the structures suggests that this part of the New Siberian Islands formed a distal part of an orogenic belt in the Middle Paleozoic. The angular unconformity described on Kotel’ny Island can be tentatively correlated with the Ellesmerian Orogeny. However, due to a paucity of detailed geological data from the neighboring broad Arctic continental shelves, a precise correlation with known tectonic events of the circum-Arctic cannot be achieved. The subsequent Mesozoic tectonic structures with NW-trending folds and faults were superimposed on pre-existing Paleozoic and older structures. Thus, the data presented here provide additional constraints on the Paleozoic geodynamic affinity of the New Siberian Islands and provide a regional link to other Arctic regions, aiding future tectonic reconstructions of the circum-Arctic.