We investigate a time-harmonic wave problem in a waveguide. By means of asymptotic analysis techniques, we justify the so-called Fano resonance phenomenon. More precisely, we show that the scattering matrix considered as a function of a geometrical parameter $\varepsilon$ and of the frequency $\lambda$ is in general not continuous at a point $(\varepsilon,\lambda)=(0,\lambda^0)$ where trapped modes exist. In particular, we prove that for a given $\varepsilon\ne0$ small, the scattering matrix exhibits a rapid change for frequencies varying in a neighbourhood of $\lambda^0$. We use this property to construct examples of waveguides such that the energy of an incident wave propagating through the structure is perfectly transmitted (non reflection) or perfectly reflected in monomode regime. We provide numerical results to illustrate our theorems.