Standard
Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope. / Wielgus, Maciek; Akiyama, Kazunori; Blackburn, Lindy; Chan, Chi-kwan; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Fish, Vincent L.; Issaoun, Sara; Johnson, Michael D.; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Lu, Ru-Sen; Pesce, Dominic W.; Wong, George N.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Broderick, Avery E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Koushik; Gammie, Charles F.; Georgiev, Boris; Hada, Kazuhiro; Loinard, Laurent; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Plambeck, Richard; Weintroub, Jonathan; Dexter, Matthew; MacMahon, David H. E.; Wright, Melvyn; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barausse, Enrico; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafeliciae; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez, José L.; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Lonsdale, Colin; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Musoke, Gibwa; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Piétu, Vincent; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan.
In:
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, No. 1, 67, 20.09.2020, p. 67.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
Harvard
Wielgus, M, Akiyama, K, Blackburn, L, Chan, C, Dexter, J, Doeleman, SS, Fish, VL, Issaoun, S, Johnson, MD, Krichbaum, TP, Lu, R-S, Pesce, DW, Wong, GN, Bower, GC, Broderick, AE, Chael, A, Chatterjee, K, Gammie, CF, Georgiev, B, Hada, K, Loinard, L, Markoff, S, Marrone, DP, Plambeck, R, Weintroub, J, Dexter, M, MacMahon, DHE, Wright, M, Alberdi, A, Alef, W, Asada, K, Azulay, R, Baczko, A-K, Ball, D, Baloković, M, Barausse, E, Barrett, J, Bintley, D, Boland, W, Bouman, KL, Bremer, M, Brinkerink, CD, Brissenden, R, Britzen, S, Broguiere, D, Bronzwaer, T, Byun, D-Y, Carlstrom, JE, Chatterjee, S, Chen, M-T, Chen, Y, Cho, I, Christian, P, Conway, JE, Cordes, JM, Crew, GB, Cui, Y, Davelaar, J, De Laurentis, M, Deane, R, Dempsey, J, Desvignes, G, Dzib, SA, Eatough, RP, Falcke, H, Fomalont, E, Fraga-Encinas, R, Friberg, P, Fromm, CM, Galison, P, García, R, Gentaz, O, Goddi, C, Gold, R, Gómez, JL, Gómez-Ruiz, AI, Gu, M, Gurwell, M, Hecht, MH, Hesper, R, Ho, LC, Ho, P, Honma, M, Huang, C-WL, Huang, L, Hughes, DH, Inoue, M, James, DJ, Jannuzi, BT, Janssen, M, Jeter, B, Jiang, W, Jimenez-Rosales, A
, Jorstad, S, Jung, T, Karami, M, Karuppusamy, R, Kawashima, T, Keating, GK, Kettenis, M, Kim, J-Y, Kim, J, Kim, J, Kino, M, Koay, JY, Koch, PM, Koyama, S, Kramer, M, Kramer, C, Kuo, C-Y, Lauer, TR, Lee, S-S, Li, Y-R, Li, Z, Lindqvist, M, Lico, R, Liu, K, Liuzzo, E, Lo, W-P, Lobanov, AP, Lonsdale, C, MacDonald, NR, Mao, J, Marchili, N, Marscher, AP, Martí-Vidal, I, Matsushita, S, Matthews, LD, Medeiros, L, Menten, KM, Mizuno, Y, Mizuno, I, Moran, JM, Moriyama, K, Moscibrodzka, M, Müller, C, Musoke, G, Nagai, H, Nagar, NM, Nakamura, M, Narayan, R, Narayanan, G, Natarajan, I, Nathanail, A, Neri, R, Ni, C, Noutsos, A, Okino, H, Olivares, H, Ortiz-León, GN, Oyama, T, Özel, F, Palumbo, DCM, Park, J, Patel, N, Pen, U-L, Piétu, V, PopStefanija, A, Porth, O, Prather, B, Preciado-López, JA, Psaltis, D, Pu, H-Y, Ramakrishnan, V, Rao, R, Rawlings, MG, Raymond, AW, Rezzolla, L, Ripperda, B, Roelofs, F, Rogers, A, Ros, E, Rose, M, Roshanineshat, A, Rottmann, H, Roy, AL, Ruszczyk, C, Ryan, BR, Rygl, KLJ, Sánchez, S, Sánchez-Arguelles, D, Sasada, M, Savolainen, T, Schloerb, FP, Schuster, K-F, Shao, L, Shen, Z, Small, D, Sohn, BW, SooHoo, J, Tazaki, F, Tiede, P, Tilanus, RPJ, Titus, M, Toma, K, Torne, P, Trent, T, Traianou, E, Trippe, S, Tsuda, S, van Bemmel, I, van Langevelde, HJ, van Rossum, DR, Wagner, J, Wardle, J, Ward-Thompson, D, Wex, N, Wharton, R, Wu, Q, Yoon, D, Young, A, Young, K, Younsi, Z, Yuan, F, Yuan, Y-F, Zensus, JA, Zhao, G, Zhao, S-S & Zhu, Z 2020, '
Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope',
The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 901, no. 1, 67, pp. 67.
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abac0dAPA
Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Blackburn, L., Chan, C., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Krichbaum, T. P., Lu, R-S., Pesce, D. W., Wong, G. N., Bower, G. C., Broderick, A. E., Chael, A., Chatterjee, K., Gammie, C. F., Georgiev, B., ... Zhu, Z. (2020).
Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope.
The Astrophysical Journal,
901(1), 67. [67].
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abac0dVancouver
Author
Wielgus, Maciek ; Akiyama, Kazunori ; Blackburn, Lindy ; Chan, Chi-kwan ; Dexter, Jason ; Doeleman, Sheperd S. ; Fish, Vincent L. ; Issaoun, Sara ; Johnson, Michael D. ; Krichbaum, Thomas P. ; Lu, Ru-Sen ; Pesce, Dominic W. ; Wong, George N. ; Bower, Geoffrey C. ; Broderick, Avery E. ; Chael, Andrew ; Chatterjee, Koushik ; Gammie, Charles F. ; Georgiev, Boris ; Hada, Kazuhiro ; Loinard, Laurent ; Markoff, Sera ; Marrone, Daniel P. ; Plambeck, Richard ; Weintroub, Jonathan ; Dexter, Matthew ; MacMahon, David H. E. ; Wright, Melvyn ; Alberdi, Antxon ; Alef, Walter ; Asada, Keiichi ; Azulay, Rebecca ; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin ; Ball, David ; Baloković, Mislav ; Barausse, Enrico ; Barrett, John ; Bintley, Dan ; Boland, Wilfred ; Bouman, Katherine L. ; Bremer, Michael ; Brinkerink, Christiaan D. ; Brissenden, Roger ; Britzen, Silke ; Broguiere, Dominique ; Bronzwaer, Thomas ; Byun, Do-Young ; Carlstrom, John E. ; Chatterjee, Shami ; Chen, Ming-Tang ; Chen, Yongjun ; Cho, Ilje ; Christian, Pierre ; Conway, John E. ; Cordes, James M. ; Crew, Geoffrey B. ; Cui, Yuzhu ; Davelaar, Jordy ; De Laurentis, Mariafeliciae ; Deane, Roger ; Dempsey, Jessica ; Desvignes, Gregory ; Dzib, Sergio A. ; Eatough, Ralph P. ; Falcke, Heino ; Fomalont, Ed ; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel ; Friberg, Per ; Fromm, Christian M. ; Galison, Peter ; García, Roberto ; Gentaz, Olivier ; Goddi, Ciriaco ; Gold, Roman ; Gómez, José L. ; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. ; Gu, Minfeng ; Gurwell, Mark ; Hecht, Michael H. ; Hesper, Ronald ; Ho, Luis C. ; Ho, Paul ; Honma, Mareki ; Huang, Chih-Wei L. ; Huang, Lei ; Hughes, David H. ; Inoue, Makoto ; James, David J. ; Jannuzi, Buell T. ; Janssen, Michael ; Jeter, Britton ; Jiang, Wu ; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra
; Jorstad, Svetlana ; Jung, Taehyun ; Karami, Mansour ; Karuppusamy, Ramesh ; Kawashima, Tomohisa ; Keating, Garrett K. ; Kettenis, Mark ; Kim, Jae-Young ; Kim, Junhan ; Kim, Jongsoo ; Kino, Motoki ; Koay, Jun Yi ; Koch, Patrick M. ; Koyama, Shoko ; Kramer, Michael ; Kramer, Carsten ; Kuo, Cheng-Yu ; Lauer, Tod R. ; Lee, Sang-Sung ; Li, Yan-Rong ; Li, Zhiyuan ; Lindqvist, Michael ; Lico, Rocco ; Liu, Kuo ; Liuzzo, Elisabetta ; Lo, Wen-Ping ; Lobanov, Andrei P. ; Lonsdale, Colin ; MacDonald, Nicholas R. ; Mao, Jirong ; Marchili, Nicola ; Marscher, Alan P. ; Martí-Vidal, Iván ; Matsushita, Satoki ; Matthews, Lynn D. ; Medeiros, Lia ; Menten, Karl M. ; Mizuno, Yosuke ; Mizuno, Izumi ; Moran, James M. ; Moriyama, Kotaro ; Moscibrodzka, Monika ; Müller, Cornelia ; Musoke, Gibwa ; Nagai, Hiroshi ; Nagar, Neil M. ; Nakamura, Masanori ; Narayan, Ramesh ; Narayanan, Gopal ; Natarajan, Iniyan ; Nathanail, Antonios ; Neri, Roberto ; Ni, Chunchong ; Noutsos, Aristeidis ; Okino, Hiroki ; Olivares, Héctor ; Ortiz-León, Gisela N. ; Oyama, Tomoaki ; Özel, Feryal ; Palumbo, Daniel C. M. ; Park, Jongho ; Patel, Nimesh ; Pen, Ue-Li ; Piétu, Vincent ; PopStefanija, Aleksandar ; Porth, Oliver ; Prather, Ben ; Preciado-López, Jorge A. ; Psaltis, Dimitrios ; Pu, Hung-Yi ; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh ; Rao, Ramprasad ; Rawlings, Mark G. ; Raymond, Alexander W. ; Rezzolla, Luciano ; Ripperda, Bart ; Roelofs, Freek ; Rogers, Alan ; Ros, Eduardo ; Rose, Mel ; Roshanineshat, Arash ; Rottmann, Helge ; Roy, Alan L. ; Ruszczyk, Chet ; Ryan, Benjamin R. ; Rygl, Kazi L. J. ; Sánchez, Salvador ; Sánchez-Arguelles, David ; Sasada, Mahito ; Savolainen, Tuomas ; Schloerb, F. Peter ; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich ; Shao, Lijing ; Shen, Zhiqiang ; Small, Des ; Sohn, Bong Won ; SooHoo, Jason ; Tazaki, Fumie ; Tiede, Paul ; Tilanus, Remo P. J. ; Titus, Michael ; Toma, Kenji ; Torne, Pablo ; Trent, Tyler ; Traianou, Efthalia ; Trippe, Sascha ; Tsuda, Shuichiro ; van Bemmel, Ilse ; van Langevelde, Huib Jan ; van Rossum, Daniel R. ; Wagner, Jan ; Wardle, John ; Ward-Thompson, Derek ; Wex, Norbert ; Wharton, Robert ; Wu, Qingwen ; Yoon, Doosoo ; Young, André ; Young, Ken ; Younsi, Ziri ; Yuan, Feng ; Yuan, Ye-Fei ; Zensus, J. Anton ; Zhao, Guangyao ; Zhao, Shan-Shan ; Zhu, Ziyan. /
Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope. In:
The Astrophysical Journal. 2020 ; Vol. 901, No. 1. pp. 67.
BibTeX
@article{40aa16b5212b44b296e1b7bfc4eb7ffb,
title = "Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope",
abstract = "The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature—a ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry—and to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.",
keywords = "Black holes, Galaxy accretion disks, Galaxy accretion, Supermassive black holes, Active galactic nuclei, Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei, Very long baseline interferometry, Astronomy data modeling, Radio interferometry, 162, 562, 575, 1663, 16, 2033, 1769, 1859, 1346, M87, SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE, ACCRETION, SIMULATIONS, KINEMATICS, MODEL, VARIABILITY",
author = "Maciek Wielgus and Kazunori Akiyama and Lindy Blackburn and Chi-kwan Chan and Jason Dexter and Doeleman, {Sheperd S.} and Fish, {Vincent L.} and Sara Issaoun and Johnson, {Michael D.} and Krichbaum, {Thomas P.} and Ru-Sen Lu and Pesce, {Dominic W.} and Wong, {George N.} and Bower, {Geoffrey C.} and Broderick, {Avery E.} and Andrew Chael and Koushik Chatterjee and Gammie, {Charles F.} and Boris Georgiev and Kazuhiro Hada and Laurent Loinard and Sera Markoff and Marrone, {Daniel P.} and Richard Plambeck and Jonathan Weintroub and Matthew Dexter and MacMahon, {David H. E.} and Melvyn Wright and Antxon Alberdi and Walter Alef and Keiichi Asada and Rebecca Azulay and Anne-Kathrin Baczko and David Ball and Mislav Balokovi{\'c} and Enrico Barausse and John Barrett and Dan Bintley and Wilfred Boland and Bouman, {Katherine L.} and Michael Bremer and Brinkerink, {Christiaan D.} and Roger Brissenden and Silke Britzen and Dominique Broguiere and Thomas Bronzwaer and Do-Young Byun and Carlstrom, {John E.} and Shami Chatterjee and Ming-Tang Chen and Yongjun Chen and Ilje Cho and Pierre Christian and Conway, {John E.} and Cordes, {James M.} and Crew, {Geoffrey B.} and Yuzhu Cui and Jordy Davelaar and {De Laurentis}, Mariafeliciae and Roger Deane and Jessica Dempsey and Gregory Desvignes and Dzib, {Sergio A.} and Eatough, {Ralph P.} and Heino Falcke and Ed Fomalont and Raquel Fraga-Encinas and Per Friberg and Fromm, {Christian M.} and Peter Galison and Roberto Garc{\'i}a and Olivier Gentaz and Ciriaco Goddi and Roman Gold and G{\'o}mez, {Jos{\'e} L.} and G{\'o}mez-Ruiz, {Arturo I.} and Minfeng Gu and Mark Gurwell and Hecht, {Michael H.} and Ronald Hesper and Ho, {Luis C.} and Paul Ho and Mareki Honma and Huang, {Chih-Wei L.} and Lei Huang and Hughes, {David H.} and Makoto Inoue and James, {David J.} and Jannuzi, {Buell T.} and Michael Janssen and Britton Jeter and Wu Jiang and Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales and Svetlana Jorstad and Taehyun Jung and Mansour Karami and Ramesh Karuppusamy and Tomohisa Kawashima and Keating, {Garrett K.} and Mark Kettenis and Jae-Young Kim and Junhan Kim and Jongsoo Kim and Motoki Kino and Koay, {Jun Yi} and Koch, {Patrick M.} and Shoko Koyama and Michael Kramer and Carsten Kramer and Cheng-Yu Kuo and Lauer, {Tod R.} and Sang-Sung Lee and Yan-Rong Li and Zhiyuan Li and Michael Lindqvist and Rocco Lico and Kuo Liu and Elisabetta Liuzzo and Wen-Ping Lo and Lobanov, {Andrei P.} and Colin Lonsdale and MacDonald, {Nicholas R.} and Jirong Mao and Nicola Marchili and Marscher, {Alan P.} and Iv{\'a}n Mart{\'i}-Vidal and Satoki Matsushita and Matthews, {Lynn D.} and Lia Medeiros and Menten, {Karl M.} and Yosuke Mizuno and Izumi Mizuno and Moran, {James M.} and Kotaro Moriyama and Monika Moscibrodzka and Cornelia M{\"u}ller and Gibwa Musoke and Hiroshi Nagai and Nagar, {Neil M.} and Masanori Nakamura and Ramesh Narayan and Gopal Narayanan and Iniyan Natarajan and Antonios Nathanail and Roberto Neri and Chunchong Ni and Aristeidis Noutsos and Hiroki Okino and H{\'e}ctor Olivares and Ortiz-Le{\'o}n, {Gisela N.} and Tomoaki Oyama and Feryal {\"O}zel and Palumbo, {Daniel C. M.} and Jongho Park and Nimesh Patel and Ue-Li Pen and Vincent Pi{\'e}tu and Aleksandar PopStefanija and Oliver Porth and Ben Prather and Preciado-L{\'o}pez, {Jorge A.} and Dimitrios Psaltis and Hung-Yi Pu and Venkatessh Ramakrishnan and Ramprasad Rao and Rawlings, {Mark G.} and Raymond, {Alexander W.} and Luciano Rezzolla and Bart Ripperda and Freek Roelofs and Alan Rogers and Eduardo Ros and Mel Rose and Arash Roshanineshat and Helge Rottmann and Roy, {Alan L.} and Chet Ruszczyk and Ryan, {Benjamin R.} and Rygl, {Kazi L. J.} and Salvador S{\'a}nchez and David S{\'a}nchez-Arguelles and Mahito Sasada and Tuomas Savolainen and Schloerb, {F. Peter} and Karl-Friedrich Schuster and Lijing Shao and Zhiqiang Shen and Des Small and Sohn, {Bong Won} and Jason SooHoo and Fumie Tazaki and Paul Tiede and Tilanus, {Remo P. J.} and Michael Titus and Kenji Toma and Pablo Torne and Tyler Trent and Efthalia Traianou and Sascha Trippe and Shuichiro Tsuda and {van Bemmel}, Ilse and {van Langevelde}, {Huib Jan} and {van Rossum}, {Daniel R.} and Jan Wagner and John Wardle and Derek Ward-Thompson and Norbert Wex and Robert Wharton and Qingwen Wu and Doosoo Yoon and Andr{\'e} Young and Ken Young and Ziri Younsi and Feng Yuan and Ye-Fei Yuan and Zensus, {J. Anton} and Guangyao Zhao and Shan-Shan Zhao and Ziyan Zhu",
year = "2020",
month = sep,
day = "20",
doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d",
language = "English",
volume = "901",
pages = "67",
journal = "Astrophysical Journal",
issn = "0004-637X",
publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",
number = "1",
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
T1 - Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009-2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Chan, Chi-kwan
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Lu, Ru-Sen
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Plambeck, Richard
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Dexter, Matthew
AU - MacMahon, David H. E.
AU - Wright, Melvyn
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Baczko, Anne-Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Barausse, Enrico
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Boland, Wilfred
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Byun, Do-Young
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chen, Ming-Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Cordes, James M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafeliciae
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Fomalont, Ed
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - García, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih-Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karami, Mansour
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Jae-Young
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Kuo, Cheng-Yu
AU - Lauer, Tod R.
AU - Lee, Sang-Sung
AU - Li, Yan-Rong
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Lico, Rocco
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen-Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Lonsdale, Colin
AU - MacDonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Marchili, Nicola
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Musoke, Gibwa
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayan, Ramesh
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Nathanail, Antonios
AU - Neri, Roberto
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares, Héctor
AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Özel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C. M.
AU - Park, Jongho
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue-Li
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - PopStefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung-Yi
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Rogers, Alan
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Rose, Mel
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Ryan, Benjamin R.
AU - Rygl, Kazi L. J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schuster, Karl-Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - SooHoo, Jason
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P. J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Traianou, Efthalia
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro
AU - van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek
AU - Wex, Norbert
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Yoon, Doosoo
AU - Young, André
AU - Young, Ken
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye-Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhao, Guangyao
AU - Zhao, Shan-Shan
AU - Zhu, Ziyan
PY - 2020/9/20
Y1 - 2020/9/20
N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first
resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of
the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations
performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to
investigate the persistence of the primary image feature—a ring
with azimuthal brightness asymmetry—and to quantify the image
variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze
M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and
2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to
produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric
models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized
for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using
synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data
sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a
persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position
angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a
significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and
2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a
subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show
that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs
has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source,
such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.
AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first
resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of
the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations
performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to
investigate the persistence of the primary image feature—a ring
with azimuthal brightness asymmetry—and to quantify the image
variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze
M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and
2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to
produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric
models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized
for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using
synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data
sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a
persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position
angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a
significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and
2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a
subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show
that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs
has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source,
such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.
KW - Black holes
KW - Galaxy accretion disks
KW - Galaxy accretion
KW - Supermassive black holes
KW - Active galactic nuclei
KW - Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
KW - Very long baseline interferometry
KW - Astronomy data modeling
KW - Radio interferometry
KW - 162
KW - 562
KW - 575
KW - 1663
KW - 16
KW - 2033
KW - 1769
KW - 1859
KW - 1346
KW - M87
KW - SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE
KW - ACCRETION
KW - SIMULATIONS
KW - KINEMATICS
KW - MODEL
KW - VARIABILITY
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85092239303&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/a547f907-c09d-360e-88c8-d2c66aa6ce33/
U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d
M3 - Article
VL - 901
SP - 67
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
SN - 0004-637X
IS - 1
M1 - 67
ER -
