Under market economy conditions, life sustenance and protection of traditional culture have become extremely urgent for 26 indigenous small-numbered peoples (SNPs) living in Russia’s North and Far East. To solve these problems, legislative measures must be taken and the territorial differentiation of the geographic environment of the area settlement of SNPs (10 mln km2) and its enthocultural diversity must be taken into account. The landscape structure of the area of SNPs is analyzed, its ecological and demographic carrying capacity is assessed, and the influence of landscape diversity on the settlement of SNPs and formation of different economic and cultural types are considered. Ethnic and landscape zoning is developed and 11 highlighted macroregions are characterized in brief.