© 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. In recent decades, the nanostructuring of metals by severe plastic deformation (SPD), aimed at enhancing their properties, has become a promising area of modern materials science and engineering. With regard to medical applications, the creation of nanostructures in metals and alloys by SPD processing can improve both mechanical and biomedical properties. This chapter describes in detail the results of the investigations relating to titanium and its alloys, cobalt-based alloys, magnesium alloys, and stainless steels, which are the most extensively used to fabricate medical implants and other articles. The examples demonstrate that nanostructured metals with advanced properties pave the way to the development of a new generation of medical devices with improved design and functionality.