TY - JOUR

T1 - First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole

AU - Collaboration, Event Horizon Telescope

AU - Akiyama, Kazunori

AU - Alberdi, Antxon

AU - Alef, Walter

AU - Carlos Algaba, Juan

AU - Anantua, Richard

AU - Asada, Keiichi

AU - Azulay, Rebecca

AU - Bach, Uwe

AU - Baczko, Anne-Kathrin

AU - Ball, David

AU - Baloković, Mislav

AU - Barrett, John

AU - Bauböck, Michi

AU - Benson, Bradford A.

AU - Bintley, Dan

AU - Blackburn, Lindy

AU - Blundell, Raymond

AU - Bouman, Katherine L.

AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.

AU - Boyce, Hope

AU - Bremer, Michael

AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.

AU - Brissenden, Roger

AU - Britzen, Silke

AU - Broderick, Avery E.

AU - Broguiere, Dominique

AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas

AU - Bustamante, Sandra

AU - Byun, Do-Young

AU - Carlstrom, John E.

AU - Ceccobello, Chiara

AU - Chael, Andrew

AU - Chan, Chi-kwan

AU - Chatterjee, Koushik

AU - Chatterjee, Shami

AU - Chen, Ming-Tang

AU - Chen, Yongjun

AU - Cheng, Xiaopeng

AU - Cho, Ilje

AU - Christian, Pierre

AU - Conroy, Nicholas S.

AU - Conway, John E.

AU - Cordes, James M.

AU - Crawford, Thomas M.

AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.

AU - Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro

AU - Cui, Yuzhu

AU - Davelaar, Jordy

AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia

AU - Deane, Roger

AU - Dempsey, Jessica

AU - Desvignes, Gregory

AU - Dexter, Jason

AU - Dhruv, Vedant

AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.

AU - Dougal, Sean

AU - Dzib, Sergio A.

AU - Eatough, Ralph P.

AU - Emami, Razieh

AU - Falcke, Heino

AU - Farah, Joseph

AU - Fish, Vincent L.

AU - Fomalont, Ed

AU - Ford, H. Alyson

AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel

AU - Freeman, William T.

AU - Friberg, Per

AU - Fromm, Christian M.

AU - Fuentes, Antonio

AU - Galison, Peter

AU - Gammie, Charles F.

AU - García, Roberto

AU - Gentaz, Olivier

AU - Georgiev, Boris

AU - Goddi, Ciriaco

AU - Gold, Roman

AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.

AU - Gómez, José L.

AU - Gu, Minfeng

AU - Gurwell, Mark

AU - Hada, Kazuhiro

AU - Haggard, Daryl

AU - Haworth, Kari

AU - Hecht, Michael H.

AU - Hesper, Ronald

AU - Heumann, Dirk

AU - Ho, Luis C.

AU - Ho, Paul

AU - Honma, Mareki

AU - Huang, Chih-Wei L.

AU - Huang, Lei

AU - Hughes, David H.

AU - Ikeda, Shiro

AU - Violette Impellizzeri, C. M.

AU - Inoue, Makoto

AU - Issaoun, Sara

AU - James, David J.

AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.

AU - Janssen, Michael

AU - Jeter, Britton

AU - Jiang, Wu

AU - Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra

AU - Johnson, Michael D.

AU - Jorstad, Svetlana

AU - Joshi, Abhishek V.

AU - Jung, Taehyun

AU - Karami, Mansour

AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh

AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa

AU - Keating, Garrett K.

AU - Kettenis, Mark

AU - Kim, Dong-Jin

AU - Kim, Jae-Young

AU - Kim, Jongsoo

AU - Kim, Junhan

AU - Kino, Motoki

AU - Koay, Jun Yi

AU - Kocherlakota, Prashant

AU - Kofuji, Yutaro

AU - Koch, Patrick M.

AU - Koyama, Shoko

AU - Kramer, Carsten

AU - Kramer, Michael

AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.

AU - Kuo, Cheng-Yu

AU - Bella, Noemi La

AU - Lauer, Tod R.

AU - Lee, Daeyoung

AU - Lee, Sang-Sung

AU - Leung, Po Kin

AU - Levis, Aviad

AU - Li, Zhiyuan

AU - Lico, Rocco

AU - Lindahl, Greg

AU - Lindqvist, Michael

AU - Lisakov, Mikhail

AU - Liu, Jun

AU - Liu, Kuo

AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta

AU - Lo, Wen-Ping

AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.

AU - Loinard, Laurent

AU - Lonsdale, Colin J.

AU - Lu, Ru-Sen

AU - Mao, Jirong

AU - Marchili, Nicola

AU - Markoff, Sera

AU - Marrone, Daniel P.

AU - Marscher, Alan P.

AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván

AU - Matsushita, Satoki

AU - Matthews, Lynn D.

AU - Medeiros, Lia

AU - Menten, Karl M.

AU - Michalik, Daniel

AU - Mizuno, Izumi

AU - Mizuno, Yosuke

AU - Moran, James M.

AU - Moriyama, Kotaro

AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika

AU - Müller, Cornelia

AU - Mus, Alejandro

AU - Musoke, Gibwa

AU - Myserlis, Ioannis

AU - Nadolski, Andrew

AU - Nagai, Hiroshi

AU - Nagar, Neil M.

AU - Nakamura, Masanori

AU - Narayan, Ramesh

AU - Narayanan, Gopal

AU - Natarajan, Iniyan

AU - Nathanail, Antonios

AU - Navarro Fuentes, Santiago

AU - Neilsen, Joey

AU - Neri, Roberto

AU - Ni, Chunchong

AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis

AU - Nowak, Michael A.

AU - Oh, Junghwan

AU - Okino, Hiroki

AU - Olivares, Héctor

AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.

AU - Oyama, Tomoaki

AU - Özel, Feryal

AU - Palumbo, Daniel C. M.

AU - Filippos Paraschos, Georgios

AU - Park, Jongho

AU - Parsons, Harriet

AU - Patel, Nimesh

AU - Pen, Ue-Li

AU - Pesce, Dominic W.

AU - Piétu, Vincent

AU - Plambeck, Richard

AU - PopStefanija, Aleksandar

AU - Porth, Oliver

AU - Pötzl, Felix M.

AU - Prather, Ben

AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.

AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios

AU - Pu, Hung-Yi

AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh

AU - Rao, Ramprasad

AU - Rawlings, Mark G.

AU - Raymond, Alexander W.

AU - Rezzolla, Luciano

AU - Ricarte, Angelo

AU - Ripperda, Bart

AU - Roelofs, Freek

AU - Rogers, Alan

AU - Ros, Eduardo

AU - Romero-Cañizales, Cristina

AU - Roshanineshat, Arash

AU - Rottmann, Helge

AU - Roy, Alan L.

AU - Ruiz, Ignacio

AU - Ruszczyk, Chet

AU - Rygl, Kazi L. J.

AU - Sánchez, Salvador

AU - Sánchez-Argüelles, David

AU - Sánchez-Portal, Miguel

AU - Sasada, Mahito

AU - Satapathy, Kaushik

AU - Savolainen, Tuomas

AU - Schloerb, F. Peter

AU - Schonfeld, Jonathan

AU - Schuster, Karl-Friedrich

AU - Shao, Lijing

AU - Shen, Zhiqiang

AU - Small, Des

AU - Sohn, Bong Won

AU - SooHoo, Jason

AU - Souccar, Kamal

AU - Sun, He

AU - Tazaki, Fumie

AU - Tetarenko, Alexandra J.

AU - Tiede, Paul

AU - Tilanus, Remo P. J.

AU - Titus, Michael

AU - Torne, Pablo

AU - Traianou, Efthalia

AU - Trent, Tyler

AU - Trippe, Sascha

AU - Turk, Matthew

AU - van Bemmel, Ilse

AU - van Langevelde, Huib Jan

AU - van Rossum, Daniel R.

AU - Vos, Jesse

AU - Wagner, Jan

AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek

AU - Wardle, John

AU - Weintroub, Jonathan

AU - Wex, Norbert

AU - Wharton, Robert

AU - Wielgus, Maciek

AU - Wiik, Kaj

AU - Witzel, Gunther

AU - Wondrak, Michael F.

AU - Wong, George N.

AU - Wu, Qingwen

AU - Yamaguchi, Paul

AU - Yoon, Doosoo

AU - Young, André

AU - Young, Ken

AU - Younsi, Ziri

AU - Yuan, Feng

AU - Yuan, Ye-Fei

AU - Zensus, J. Anton

AU - Zhang, Shuo

AU - Zhao, Guang-Yao

AU - Zhao, Shan-Shan

AU - Chan, Tin Lok

AU - Qiu, Richard

AU - Ressler, Sean

AU - White, Chris

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μm, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i ≤ 30°. They have accretion rate (5.2–9.5) × 10−9 M ⊙ yr−1, bolometric luminosity (6.8–9.2) × 1035 erg s−1, and outflow power (1.3–4.8) × 1038 erg s−1. We also find that all models with i ≥ 70° fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μm flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.

AB - In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μm, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i ≤ 30°. They have accretion rate (5.2–9.5) × 10−9 M ⊙ yr−1, bolometric luminosity (6.8–9.2) × 1035 erg s−1, and outflow power (1.3–4.8) × 1038 erg s−1. We also find that all models with i ≥ 70° fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μm flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.

U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6672

DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6672

M3 - статья

VL - 930

SP - L16

JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters

JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters

SN - 2041-8205

IS - 2

ER -