This chapter looks into the process of the accumulation of knowledge and the analysis of practical experience in the spheres of social and environmental policies. These policies became the order of the day for developed states as early as the 1960s. Many transitional economies, as well as other global south states, lined up with challenges of social cohesion and environmental protection much later, following their earlier experience of “catch-up development” in the area of industry. As a case study, this chapter concentrates on the environmental and social policies of the Russian Federation and India since 1991. These are member-states of the BRICS—a forum of leading developing economies of the world, which is trying to present a global anti-Western model of social and economic development. Environmental policy, especially its social dimension, occupied a significant role in the establishment of a post-hegemonic (multipolar) international system, which established itself at the beginning of the twenty-first century after a century-long period of US hegemony in the world economy and international security.