TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of Gadolinium Doping on the Optical and Magnetic Properties of Red-Emitting Dual-Mode Carbon Dot-Based Probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

AU - Efimova, Arina A.

AU - Badrieva, Zilya F.

AU - Brui, Ekaterina A.

AU - Miruschenko, Mikhail D.

AU - Aleinik, Ivan A.

AU - Mitroshin, Alexander M.

AU - Volina, Olga V.

AU - Koroleva, Aleksandra V.

AU - Zhizhin, Evgeniy V.

AU - Liang, Yingqi

AU - Qu, Songnan

AU - Ushakova, Elena V.

AU - Stepanidenko, Evgeniia A.

AU - Rogach, Andrey L.

N1 - PMID: 39885776

PY - 2025/2/17

Y1 - 2025/2/17

N2 - Bioimaging probes based on carbon dots (CDs) can become a useful replacement for existing commercial probes, benefiting clinical diagnostics. While the development of dual-mode CD-based probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides the ability for photoluminescence (PL) detection at the same time, is ongoing, several challenges have to be addressed. First, most of the CD-based probes still emit at shorter wavelengths (blue/green spectral range), which is harmful to biological objects or have very low PL intensity in the biological window of tissue transparency (red/near-infrared spectral range). Second, the relaxation characteristics of the proposed CD-based probes are still similar or only slightly larger than those of commercial contrast agents. Herein, we introduce a dual-mode probe allowing for simultaneous PL detection and MRI analysis, based on CDs doped with gadolinium ions (Gd3+) with a PL peak in the red (640 nm), a PL quantum yield up to 24%, and high longitudinal and transverse relaxivities reaching 25.76 and 40.57 L mmol-1 s-1, respectively. Moreover, Gd-doped CDs show good biocompatibility, which was studied on H9c2 and 4T1 cell lines with a cell viability above 70%. The developed Gd-doped red-emissive CDs can be utilized as efficient and nontoxic dual-mode probes for PL and MRI measurements carried out simultaneously.

AB - Bioimaging probes based on carbon dots (CDs) can become a useful replacement for existing commercial probes, benefiting clinical diagnostics. While the development of dual-mode CD-based probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides the ability for photoluminescence (PL) detection at the same time, is ongoing, several challenges have to be addressed. First, most of the CD-based probes still emit at shorter wavelengths (blue/green spectral range), which is harmful to biological objects or have very low PL intensity in the biological window of tissue transparency (red/near-infrared spectral range). Second, the relaxation characteristics of the proposed CD-based probes are still similar or only slightly larger than those of commercial contrast agents. Herein, we introduce a dual-mode probe allowing for simultaneous PL detection and MRI analysis, based on CDs doped with gadolinium ions (Gd3+) with a PL peak in the red (640 nm), a PL quantum yield up to 24%, and high longitudinal and transverse relaxivities reaching 25.76 and 40.57 L mmol-1 s-1, respectively. Moreover, Gd-doped CDs show good biocompatibility, which was studied on H9c2 and 4T1 cell lines with a cell viability above 70%. The developed Gd-doped red-emissive CDs can be utilized as efficient and nontoxic dual-mode probes for PL and MRI measurements carried out simultaneously.

KW - MRI contrast agents

KW - bioimaging

KW - carbon dots

KW - gadolinium doping

KW - red emission

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/8321e0d3-6405-3064-a317-33bc922aa825/

U2 - 10.1021/acsabm.4c01705

DO - 10.1021/acsabm.4c01705

M3 - Article

VL - 8

SP - 1493

EP - 1502

JO - ACS Applied Bio Materials

JF - ACS Applied Bio Materials

SN - 2576-6422

IS - 2

ER -