Hypothesis: Parasite infection of juvenile stickleback increases during their early ontogenesis
owing to transmission from adults and other juveniles, as well as changes in diet.
Organisms: Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) aged one week to two months,
their ecto- and endoparasites, and their stomach contents.
Times and places: July to September 2012 and 2015; two locations in the Kandalaksha Bay of
the White Sea – Seldyanaya Inlet with dense seagrass beds and an unnamed lagoon in Sukhaya
Salma Inlet.
Methods: Quantitative sampling of stickleback at 10 day intervals, and quantitative analysis
of their parasites and stomach contents.
Results: As sticklebacks grew, their parasite load increased. We identified three size groups of
stickleback that differ significantly in their parasite species composition and infection indices:
hatchlings 7.0–8.5 mm long were infected with three parasite species (prevalence 43%); juveniles
9–11 mm harboured four or five species (100%); and juveniles 12–30 mm were i