The article analyzes the dynamics of public health in Russia. It is noted that health preservation is not only a task for doctors, but also for other specialists. The authors believe that medical geographers can play a significant role in public health research. The study outlines major trends in the natural demographic movement of the population under the influence of socio-economic factors. The life expectancy of the population of Russia is characterized against the background of other countries. An increase in the number of registered patients and HIV is indicated. It is concluded that insufficient public expenditure on healthcare development in Russia causes negative trends in health protection. The article concludes with the main goals and corresponding objectives for improving public health and ensuring environmental sustainability.