A method of complex interpretation of measurement data for atmospheric spectral transparency is proposed which makes possible simultaneous retrieval of the microphysical parameters of atmospheric aerosols, the Rayleigh attenuation depth and the characteristics of the atmospheric gaseous composition. On the basis of error matrix calculations and numerical experiments, the accuracy of determining these parameters under various conditions is analyzed. The complex approach proposed makes it possible to effectively determine the spectral variation of the aerosol optical thickness on the basis of the microphysical characteristics of aerosols.