Abstract: For human-audible vocalizations (below 20 kHz) of rodents, subterranean lifestyle results in low-frequency calls coupled with low-frequency hearing. For ultrasonic vocalizations (above 20 kHz), the effect of subterranean lifestyle on the acoustics is unknown. This study fills this gap of knowledge, by comparing vocalizations of two closely related species, the surface-dwelling Brandt’s vole Lasiopodomys brandtii (17 pups, 19 adults) and the subterranean mandarin vole L. mandarinus (15 pups, 16 adults). As predicted, the audible calls (AUDs) were substantially higher-frequency in L. brandtii than in L. mandarinus, in either pups or adults. In contrast to AUDs, the ultrasonic calls (USVs) did not differ in frequency variables between species, in either pups or adults. Interspecies differences were found in duration: AUDs were shorter in adult L. brandtii than in adult L. mandarinus, USVs were longer in pup L. brandtii than in pup L. mandarinus, and the low-frequency USVs of adult L. brandtii were longer than low-frequency USVs of adult L. mandarinus. We advance a hypothesis that shift towards higher-frequency AUDs in L. brandtii compared to L. mandarinus was triggered by the evolutionary emergence of the high-frequency audible alarm call, which is only present in L. brandtii but absent in L. mandarinus. We discuss that USVs may be resistant to these selection pressures as close-distant social signals. Significance statement: Relationship between ecological specialization, such as subterranean or surface-dwelling lifestyle, and the acoustic traits of communicative signals in rodents evoke interest for over than 30 years. So far, the relationship between vocalization and subterranean life (low-frequency calls and low-frequency hearing) was only reported for calls produced by rodents in human-audible range of frequencies. No data was available for ecological adaptations of ultrasonic calls; moreover, even the existence of ultrasonic calls in subterranean rodents was unknown to recent time. Comparative studies of closely related subterranean and surface-dwelling rodent species might highlight the evolution of acoustic traits related to these ecological specializations.