This article focuses on the trajectories of aging among women in modern Russia. These trajectories are undergoing changes due to longer lifespans, shrinking resources available to support old age and generally growing uncertainty of the future. Drawing on modern sociological studies in Russia and abroad, the concept of aging and the perception of the position of elderly people in the world are examined. The authors conclude that the place of the older generation in society needs to be reinterpreted with emphasis on the potential of present-day and future elderly people. Such reassessment presents a challenge to the science of sociology and to society’s social security. Eliminating ageism, i.e., discrimination by age at the institutional level and in social discourse, implies a drastic change of the paradigm of aging and the involvement of elderly people in all aspects of social life, assisting them in building their life strategies with the consideration of multiple options. Part of this article is devoted to the discussion of the modern phenomenon of feminization of old age detailing the picture of ongoing changes in stratification models and inequalities which form individual “worlds” of old age. A particularly worrisome situation is emerging in Russia where the proportion of elderly women is rapidly growing and their social isolation manifests itself at several levels: in the employment system, in the private and family sphere, and in their self-organization and subjective perception of their own lives. The theoretical premises of this article have given an impetus to an applied study of the main features of aging among Russian women past 50 years of age. Three waves of Russian monitoring of the economic position and health carried out by the National Research University Higher School of Economics (2009, 2011, and 2015) focused on the problems of employment, self-identification, forms of activity and the need for organizing the lives of Russian women. The period between the ages of 50 and 60 in the second half of Russian women’s lives is active, but beyond this stretch activity dimin­ishes noticeably. The structure and types of the activities of Russian women outside the labor sphere are largely similar for all women and are tradition­al. Their intensity and diversity vary depending on several interconnected components: age, involvement in professional activities, family status, ma­terial security and state of health.