Abstract—: A characteristic feature of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in humans and experimental animals is an androgen deficiency, which is usually compensated by using the gonadotropin preparations with the activity of the agonists of the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). However, the use of gonadotropins is associated with a number of undesirable effects, and their steroidogenic effect is weakened at the conditions of DM1. An alternative to gonadotropins can be low molecular weight thienopyrimidine-based agonists of the LH/hCG receptor, which bind to an allosteric site located within the transmembrane channel of this receptor. In this study the stimulating effect of hCG and the thienopyrimidine derivative TP03 we have developed earlier on the adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the testicular membranes of male rats with moderate/severe streptozotocin DM1 have been investigated along with the effects of hCG and TP03 on the plasma testosterone levels and the gene expression of steroidogenic proteins in the testes of diabetic rats under a single or 5-day administration of these drugs. In DM1, the AC-stimulating effects of hCG, TP03, and guanine nucleotides were decreased in the testicular membranes, and the EC₅₀ of the effects of hCG and TP03 were increased; this indicated a reduced sensitivity of the LH/hCG receptors to hCG and TP03 in DM1 and could be associated with a decrease in functional activity of heterotrimeric G proteins. In diabetic rats with reduced basal testosterone levels, the steroidogenic effects of the single-dose hCG and TP03 were significantly reduced; and the effect of hCG was significantly higher than that of TP03. In the case of a 5-day treatment of diabetic rats with hCG and TP03, only the steroidogenic effect of gonadotropin was reduced, while the corresponding effect of TP03 did not change and was comparable to the effect of hCG. The regulatory effects of TP03 on the expression of steroidogenic proteins in the testes of control and diabetic rats were similar under the 5-day administration. The TP03 compound, in contrast to hCG, in the control and diabetic groups, did not reduce the expression of the Lhr gene, which encodes LH/hCG receptor, thereby preventing a decrease in the sensitivity of the testes to gonadotropins in DM1. Thus, a low molecular weight agonist TP03 is an effective stimulator of testosterone synthesis in severe DM1 with androgen deficiency.