The occurrence of various species of the genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) developing on different species of poplars is studied in different geographical regions of Russia (St. Petersburg, Barnaul, Bryansk and Bryansk Province). At the test sites in St. Petersburg, only Berlin poplar Populus × berolinensis K. Koch was present; in Barnaul, hybrids combining the features of P. nigra , P. balsamifera and P. laurifolia (with the exception of one specimen of black poplar P. nigra L.), and in Bryansk and Bryansk Province, Populus × berolinensis , P. nigra and Chinese poplar P. simonii Carrière were present. A leaf-miner Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke, 1833) was found in all regions and infested all listed poplar species. Phyllonorycter pastorella (Zeller, 1846) was present in Bryansk and Bryansk Province on P. nigra only and was registered together with Ph. populifoliella . The data obtained are consistent with the previously published records on the occurrence of Ph. populifoliella and Ph. pastorella . It is concluded that the species composition of the poplar stands and, possibly, the history of its formation determine occurrence and composition of the Phyllonorycter species complex.