The article provides an analytical overview of the main thematic reports and discussions of the Faculty of Sociology scientific session at St. Petersburg State University held during the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Human Capital: Education, Labor, Employment in Modern Society”, which was part of the VIII St. Petersburg International Labor Forum (February 20–22, 2024), dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg State University. The article presents three main reports given during that session, which presented the directions of labor research at the Faculty of Sociology of St. Petersburg State University. As part of these reports, the problems of developing creative competencies in students, in particular analytical competencies, problems of informal employment, particularly in relation to the self-employed, as well as issues associated with research into the labor sector of China were raised.