A field study conducted in the European territory of Russia provided the data on abundance, occurrence of common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and, as a result, allowed to assume the possible boundaries of its naturalization. The result was a better understanding of ecological limits of common ragweed distribution in correlation with limiting factors of the environment. In European Russia the accumulated heat during the seed ripening period is the main limiting factor of ragweed’s invasion to the north. The eastern and southeastern boundaries of the common ragweed range in European Russia are limited by insufficient moisture supply. In order to conduct environmental niche modeling of ragweed distribution, considerably accurate ecological maps were used, which were compiled using the data from the MODIS/Terra satellite sensors. As a result, an accurate map of common ragweed distribution for European Russia was produced, showing the possibilities of its naturalization throughout the territory.