Russian documents of the 16th-18th centuries contain a large number of references to Latysh. They are not always associated with the area of the Baltic speaking population, more recently known under this name. Until now, these cases have been considered by historians only locally, on the materials of a particular source. So the phenomena as a whole wasn’t explained, and the full history of «other» Latysh remained undescribed. The author traces the history of the onym Latysh, that covers various regions of Eastern Europe in the historical period from the beginning of the Livonian War to the end of the 17th century. The study is based on the documents of the Livonian War, scribal books, correspondence relating to the Swedish-Russian borderland that emerged after the Stolbov Peace. The outbreak of the Livonian War and the encounter of Moscow campaigners with the non-Orthodox foreign-speaking population of the Livonian Order caused a significant number of references to Latysh in Russian-language sources. In the e