The article deals with the dynamics of changes in the number and composition of the rural population of the Ryazan region from 1939 to 1953. The analysis of changes in the composition of the population by gender is given. The scale and causes of the constant decrease of the rural population in the post-war years are considered. Presented diagrams show changes in the composition of the rural population. The author uses the documents of the state archive of the Ryazan region (GARO) and the state archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), as well as the results of the census of the USSR in 1939.It is concluded that, despite some improvement in living and working conditions in collective farms, the decline in the rural population of the region continued in the first half of the 1950s.