A new species Phoebodus curvatus from the Middle and Upper Devonian of Middle and South Urals is described. The teeth of new species differ from the teeth of other Phoebodus species in very long, curved lingually lateral cusps, narrow labiobasal projection protruding beyond the labial edge. The distribution of all known Phoebodus species is analyzed. The extent of five previously established phoebodontid zones is revised and changed. Two species radiations are recorded in the Late Frasnian and the Middle–Late Famennian.