Since the migration crisis of the mid-2010s. issues of irregal migration are particularly acute in the European Union. Clandestine entries pose additional threats to the security of both EU citizens (terrorism, criminal activity) and migrants themselves (human trafficking, risk of death on the road, unacceptable conditions in refugee camps). An obstacle to the development of an effective European policy is the lack of consensus between individual countries - primarily on the distribution of migrants who have already arrived. Thus, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria oppose the reception of migrants on their territory, while Germany, France, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Ireland are ready to open their borders for them. As a result, the European Union is forced to limit itself to formal standard measures (performance evaluation, recommendations for the exchange of information and the strengthening of control procedures). In the short term, migration pressure can be reduced thanks to agreemen