Cardiovascular diseases in adults originate in childhood, and their progression is accelerated with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Early diagnosing of vascular dysfunction is an important clinical task to identify individuals at risk of chronic and acute forms of cardiovascular disease and to initiate non-drug and drug treatment and prevention strategies. The determination of arterial stiffness indicators, the change in which may precede arterial hypertension and other clinically expressed pathologies of the cardiovascular system by several years, undoubtedly refers to promising screening methods. The review covers modern approaches to assessing vascular stiffness and its mechanisms in young subjects with overweight and metabolic disorders. Scientific literature data on advantages and disadvantages of various methods, as well as the prognostic value of vascular stiffness indicators in young patients are analyzed.