The article determines that Russians and Chinese have more similarities than differences in stereotypes about medicine. The nuclear semantic-cognitive markers of the notion «Medicine» coincide, and subjective definitions of native speakers of both languages contain semantic markers such as aimed at helping people’ and ‘caring for physical and spiritual health’. There is a similarity of nuclear associates. The differences of stereotypical ideas are manifested in three linguoculturologically significant groups of associates and are due to the climatic characteristics of Russia and China, the traditional education system and socio-economic features.