The article was carried out by an international team based on an interdisciplinary approach. It uses Chinese statistics. There is still a shortage associated with identifying the effects of the “One Belt, One Road” project on the regions of China and Russia. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the effects for Gansu Province will fill the emerging gap. Manufacturing is a traditional industry in Gansu, but due to the limitations of scientific and technological level and modernization technology, the development of industry has been relatively slow, with little export-oriented. Since 2012, the region's industry has demonstrated positive results in modernizing traditional industries, accelerating new industries, expanding innovative potential, and refocusing on the “green transition”. Traditional industries still remain the basis for developing highly differentiated foreign economic relations, including Gansu Province's export, while creating a foundation for the development of ties. In recent years, exports from Gansu to the regions of countries along the routes of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative, including the regions of the Russian Federation, have been increasing. But economic cooperation between Russia and China needs to be further deepened at the regional level, including through regions such as Gansu, which do not have a direct border with Russia but have radically improved their geo-economic position. This cooperation will make a significant contribution to the transformation of export-oriented industries in Gansu. However, it is important to find optimal directions, ways and means of such a transformation.