The article outlines the conceptual foundations of the sociology of property when it is institutionalized within the framework of domestic economic sociology. It is noted that Marxist sociology and political economy became the theoretical and methodological basis of this new direction of sociological science. The need for the emergence of a sociology of property was declared by the founder of the St. Petersburg school of economic sociology V. Ya. Elmeev, who developed Marx’s ideas on the social nature of property in relation to the modern level of development of social sciences, in particular, sociology. Yelmeyev’s students developed his ideas about the existence of public property relations in the social and economic system and postulated the incorrectness of posing the question either only about private property or only about public property, since both types of property at least coexist in the social system. Such coexistence and interaction determines the need for studying not only the processes that are realizing them, but also the niches that are occupied with this or that form of ownership.