The cell therapy is one of the most perspective cell technologies directions with high therapeutic potential. Currently it is being used in treatment of a wide range of pathological conditions, particularly of hematological, endocrine, autoimmune, neurodegenerative diseases and musculoskeletal system diseases, etc. In the submitted article a short review of accumulated by the present time achievements and major directions in the cell therapy sphere is introduced. The short history of cell therapy and contributions to the development of this sphere of outstanding native and foreign scientists have been described. The advantages of cell therapy have been proved by numerous researches and clinical trials, which forces this direction to develop actively worldwide (5 figs, bibliography: 34 refs).