The concepts of biosphere and noosphere elaborated by V. I. Vernadsky are considered in the context of the problems of non-metaphysical philosophy, which began to rapidly develop in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century due to the critical reflection on the ideas of empiriocriticism. A new understanding of the evolutionary process proposed by the Russian scientist resulted from the rejection of the principle of anthropocentrism and the dualistic interpretation of being.