An integral assessment of natural and climatic conditions of important national economic project–construction of Elegest–Kyzyl–Kuragino Railway–aimed to development the resources of Tuva Republic and increase its level of connectivity with other Russian regions and neighboring countries is presented. Assessment of difficult natural and climatic conditions is required for competent construction and successful operation of the railway in the future. Climatic parameters such as absolute maximum and minimum air temperature, anomalies of precipitation amount and wind speed, maximum snow depth, as well as geomorphological phenomena and processes are considered. Based on the comparison and analysis of various cartographic and other materials, construction area zoning according to probability and intensity of dangerous natural processes and phenomena–climatic anomalies, seismicity, avalanche hazard, and some other slope processes–was carried out.