The review covers the role of microorganisms in the processes of destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete constructions. The mechanisms of microbiologically induced deterioration of concrete and formation of microbial biofilms on concrete surfaces are described. The characterization of the main groups of corrosive microorganisms, in particular, sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria is given. The basic methods for the analysis of microbiological corrosion processes as well as for the protection of concrete from biological deterioration are described also.