The author discusses a significance of anthropological concepts in the analysis of national identity as carried out in both applied and theoretical studies of current political communications. The disintegration of the contemporary political orders into a varied range of national communities, political ideologies, and structures of governance has highlighted a necessity to properly theorize anthropological dimensions of political identity. The author emphasizes an importance of describing and theoretically analyzing a role of new political myths and symbols present in contemporary political memory. Using an anthropologically oriented political analysis as a theoretical basis, the author suggests a new theoretical approach to a study of contemporary European and Russian national identity.