The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of geological information on oil and gas producing sediments and the criteria of its reliability. The structure of geological information is classified into three stages: “Oil and Gas Paradigm”, “Reconstruction of Formation Conditions (Geological Modeling)” and “Parameterization of the Geological Environment”. Each of them is characterized by its area of tasks and reliability criteria. At the stage of choosing the “Paradigm of oil and gas potential”, the relevant regional and zonal oil and gas content concepts agreed by the geological community play an important role in ensuring the reliability. The current state of the basic concepts of petroleum potential is based on two alternative concepts: sedimentary migration and plate-tectonic. But already at the stage of “Reconstruction of the formation conditions (geological modeling)”, the validity criteria are based on the same models: stratigraphic, tectonic, sedimentation, facial, petroleum model and post-identification processes (secondary mineral formation). A necessary condition for the reliability of geological information at this stage is the implementation of all elements of systematization and geological interpretation of parameters of the geological environment. At the stage of “Parameterization of the geological environment,” standardization and certification of study methods (measurement / test methods, calibration, calibration, etc.) become the defining criteria of validity. This area of activity completely depends on the subsoil user, and reliability is determined by the quality and completeness of the regulatory framework of the parametrization methods. This stage covers all types of instrumental study of the geological environment: seismic and other remote sensing methods for measuring physical fields, drilling, geological and technological and geophysical studies of wells, and laboratory methods for studying rocks and formation fluids. At the stage of “Reconstruction of the formation conditions (geological modeling)” the efforts of science and subsoil users in ensuring the reliability of geological information are parity. It is shown that to increase the reliability of geological information it is important to combine these interdependent components. In general, the reliability of geological information at this stage of geological knowledge is to achieve a minimally contradictory set of geological ideas about a particular natural system and the parameters and characteristics obtained as a result of its research.