Each tradition that had manifested in theology has its own doctrinal core, axiomatics that goes beyond science, as well as dogmatic teaching and a wider range of doctrines, disciplines, etc., that rationally expound and reveal the tradition. The Russian Foundation for Basic Research, which, along with the Russian Science Foundation, carried out work in 2019–2020 to include theology in the list of scientific areas supported through competitions, has initiated the first and (at the time of publication of the article) the only profile competition in theology in the Russian practice of state support for scientific research. This competition is “Theology in the Context of Interdisciplinary Scientific Research” (2021–2022), and this issue is dedicated to its results. The article examines the competition in the context of the development of theology as a branch of knowledge in modern Russia.