The development of various communities of African descent on the Caribbean (Atlantic) coast of Nicaragua is presented in the article, from the early penetration of the Communist ideology and up to the formation of modern Autonomous Regions. Particular attention is paid to the concept of «Indian and Negro republics» in Latin America, which was advocated by the Comintern in the 1920s and early 1930s, and the reasons for its non-use in Nicaragua both before and after the Sandinist revolution of 1979.