Questions of human rights are the most ideologically laden and conflicting among the issues of post-Soviet legal and social design. Years of the Cold War have passed, but the contemporary world faces again the ideological confrontation of different value systems: liberal democracy oo one hand and illiberal democracies — including post-Soviet ones — on the other. This confrontation is often seen as an opposition of different political regimes. At the same time, analysis shows that the roots of such situations are much deeper, and come from different assumptions of due and right, inter alia and in the first run — assumptions of human rights and their correspondence with public interests. The differences of these assumptions are much influence of the legacy of Soviet ideas on individual rights as a social political and legal institution. Due conceptualization of the specific post-Soviet approach to individual rights is still not formulated in the contemporary legal research. The author does not seek to form this conceptualization, nor tries he describe the global opposition of values and ideologies. Instead, the author demonstrates particular Soviet legacy in the legal and political systems of Post-Soviet polities, suggesting the results of inquiry of specific perception of individual rights in post-Soviet Russia based on research of legal and social practice in Russia