The review article is devoted to the relevant problem of psychology — the theory of attachment. The main stages of the history of studying the relationship between mother and her child are presented. When considering description and classification of types of attachment numerous aspects are discussed that are related to the mechanisms of its origin, causes and consequences. Given data demonstrate the connection between the type of attachment and mental/physical health of children. Information about the traumatic events impact on personal development in early childhood is also given. The article pays attention to the studies of the early traumatic process in the field of psychology, psychiatry and neuropsychology.