We reviewed the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in the presence of essential hypertension by analysing Russian and foreign research publications from the database PubMed and Electronic Research eLibrary over the last 5 years from the position of evidence-based medicine. An analytical method has been used. A literature review indicated correlations between bacteria numbers and blood pressure level. Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and also such short-chain fatty acid producers as Bifidobacterium spp., Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were shown to have inverse and direct links with blood pressure level in patients with essential hypertension. Lactobacillus spp. take part in blood pressure regulation in case of excessive salt consumption. The recent studies confirm the role of GM in the development of essential hypertension. Certain bacterial genus and species of GM producing short-chain fatty acids require further studies.