The article explores the contemporary philosophy of scienceinthe context of the idea of eternal return. The problematizationof the intellectual field “after postpositivism” runs through the re-newed questions “what?”, “how?”, “who?” and “for what?” ofscientific research. This questioning is a search for bearings in thehistorical space and time that determines “after what?” or “back to whom?” the thinking about science unfolds. Such a reflexiveappeal to the origins leads to the ideas of the philosophy of sci-ence of the first half of the twentieth century. It is then thatthemain differences within the research of science were formed:between sociological and methodological approaches, betweenphilosophy and disciplines that study science, between the goalsofforming a worldview and managing science. The philosophyofscience “after postpositivism” expresses itself in the controver-sial interpretation of the subject matter and method of the studyof science, in the division of labor between disciplines and ap-proaches that lose the possibility of constructive interaction andreach the point of “science wars”. In conclusion, it is argued thatphilosophy as the "hard core” of scientific research, a historicalappeal to the origins of scientific activity and the interpretationofthe scientific revolution as a renewal of tradition can makesuch modernity valuable for return.