This study examines the current problems of the development of the theoretical foundations of macroeconomic modeling, draws attention to the changing paradigm of the formulation and analysis of macroeconomic models in the framework of the development of the “new growth theory”. Four classes of growth models are identified within this approach; attention is paid to the role and importance of human capital, the knowledge sector, including research and development, as the most important factors of economic development. The specificity and features of the formulation and analysis of stochastic models of economic growth are shown.