The article is devoted to the legal aspects of the prophylactic medical examinations of the population in Russia. The analysis of the legal base of the prophylactic medical examinations and the Drafts of the Ministry of Health Orders for conformity with the Russian Constitution is given in the article. The problems of low use effectiveness of the legal norms are detected. The author comes to the conclusion that there are serious contradictions between the departmental orders on the prophylactic medical examinations and the Russian Constitution and other Russian laws. It is suggested to renounce the coercive medical inspections (as a general rule); to exclude the coercion to the inspection with the potentially traumatic methods of medical intervention and with the uncovering of the private person's body areas; to give the option to choose the doctor and medical organization to the patient; to provide patient's control of the completeness of the prophylactic medical inspection.