The subject of this research is the identity factor in formation, development, and interaction of geo-civilizations. The concept of identity is revealed through the sociocultural, psychological, and ethnic constants. They serve as the foundation for the adequate response of geo-civilization in general and the core state of geo-civilization particularly with regards to various challenges, as well as the explanation of this response. Special attention is given to the following aspects: understanding of geo-civilization; representations on core states; characteristics of ethnicity, culture and religion; identification features of the primary geo-civilizations. The research is based on the established civilizational and geo-civilizational approaches that correlate with the determination of identification features of the large regional communities in evolution and interaction. The key research method lies in the comparative analysis of identification (psychological, sociocultural, ethnic, and mental) aspects of geo-civilizations. The following conclusions were made: the evolution of geo-civilizations depends on the core states, because namely their identification constants affect the course of this development; through the prism of the concept of identity between geo-civilizations, is detected a number of common characteristics, which allow structuring the diplomatic activeness, primarily between the core states of different geo-civilizations; identification features also demonstrate that many issues of intergovernmental cooperation cannot be fundamentally overcome due to the difficulties in interaction between the diverse geo-civilizational identities; overcoming of such problems necessitates the creation of the new identification links between the relatively similar geo-civilizations. The scientific novelty and author’s contribution are defined by the actualization of (geo-) civilizational approach to explanation of the global politics.