This essay on the outstanding Russian educator, natural scientist, and physiologist Ivan M. Sechenov, the founder of the Russian physiological school, is being published for the 190th anniversary of his birth. It reviews the major parts of the scientific and pedagogical activity of Sechenov’s work on his life path. His scientific achievements involved a wide range of physiological problems, including respiratory, metabolic, and neuromuscular physiology. Sechenov’s greatest contributions were made in the study of the central nervous system, where he made the fundamental discoveries that form the basis of the study of all forms of brain activity. His scientific achievements received worldwide appreciation and laid the foundation for neurophysiology, neuroendocrinology, narcology, biophysics, comparative and evolutionary physiology, and the use of natural science in psychology. His name has been immortalized in the hearts and minds of many.