This paper presents data on the anatomical and radiological features of the dentoalveolar system and especially the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) elements in patients with major dental diseases accompanied by a decrease in the interalveolar distance. Radiographically, there is a distal displacement of the lower jaw heads observed in the habitual occlusion with signs of a decreased height of occlusion. When optimizing the ratio of the jaws, the mandible heads occupy a harmonious front position, which leads to a decrease in the compression of the TMJ bilaminar zone, significantly reduces the likelihood of developing musculo-articular dysfunction in the dentoalveolar apparatus and improves the activity of other organs and systems. The study of the topography of the stony-tympanic gap using cranioscopy methods identified two extreme variants of its location relative to the mandibular fossa, which is of fundamental importance in the development of TMJ diseases and determines the nature of their clinical manifestations.